CBSE Class Twelve Board Exam Physics 2026

CBSE Class 12 Physics notes as per the latest CBSE Class 12 syllabus has been provided in this article. Students can make use of these CBSE Class 12 notes which consists of chapterwise important formulas, derivations, NCERT Solutions PDFs, example problems, laws and equations for their CBSE Class 12 Board exam preparation.

CBSE Class 12 Physics Notes & Syllabus

CBSE Class 12 Physics syllabus consists of 14 chapters classified under 9 units. The new CBSE Class 12 Physics syllabus for the AY 2022-23 is tabulated below.

Class 12 Physics Notes for Chapter 1: Electric Charges and Fields

This chapter deals with the extensive studies related to Electric Charges and Fields. In this chapter the Gause’s law, Coulomb’s Law, Dipole in a Uniform External Field are also described. Here are the important notes from this chapter-

• Electric Charges
• Conservation of Charge
• Electric dipole
• Electric flux
• Electric field
• Applications of Gauss’s Law
• Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance

Expected Number of questions: 1 to 3 questions of 1 marks to 5 marks.

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Class 12 Physics Notes for Chapter 2: Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance

In this chapter the ideas of Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance is discuused with the related concepts such as- Van de Graff Generator, Potential due to an Electric Dipole​. Important notes for Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance chapter include-

• Electrostatic Potential
• Equipotential Surfaces
• Energy Stored in a Capacitor
• Dielectric Constant
• Combination of Capacitors
• Electrostatic Shielding
• Potential due to a Point Charge
• NCERT Solutions for Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance

Expected Number of questions: 1 to 3 questions of 1 marks to 5 marks.

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Class 12 Physics Notes for Chapter 3: Current Electricity

This chapter- Current Electricity includes the topics Electric Current, Wheatstone Bridge, Potentiometer, Resistor Colour Codes. In this chapter the students will be able to get expkanations of the concepts like- Ampere, Draft Velocity, and Electromotive Force. Here are the important topics from this chapter- 

• Kirchhoff’s Rules
• Ohm’s Law And its Limitations
• Meter Bridge
• Cells, emf, Internal Resistance
• Combination of Resistors-Series and Parallel
• Cells in Series and in Parallel
• Static Electricity

Expected Number of questions: 1 to 3 questions of 1 marks to 5 marks.

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Class 12 Physics Notes for Chapter 4: Moving Charges and Magnetism

In this Chapter, Moving Charges and Magnetism explained the basic concepts of Magnetism with the ideas of Lorentz Force, Savart Law, Ampere’s Circuital Law. Here are the important links from this chapter-

• Magnetic Force and Magnetic Field
• The Moving Coil Galvanometer
• The Solenoid and the Toroid
• Magnetic Field on the Axis of a Circular Current Loop
• Cyclotron

Expected Number of questions: 1 to 5 questions of 1 marks to 5 marks.

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Class 12 Physics Notes for Chapter 5: Magnetism and Matter

This chapter- Magnetism and Matter, includes the basic relationships between magnetism with various matters. In this chapter related concepts Magnetism and Gauss’s Law, Ferromagnetism, Magnetic Susceptibility, Magnetic Poles. The important topics from this chapter include-

• Magnetic Properties of Materials
• Magnetisation and Magnetic Intensity
• Permanent Magnets and Electromagnets
• The Earth’s Magnetism
• Magnetometer
• Einstein Field Equation

Expected Number of questions: 1 to 5 questions of 1 marks to 5 marks.

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Class 12 Physics Notes for Chapter 6: Electromagnetic Induction

With the references of the previous chapter, Electromagnetic Induction includes the explanations of the concepts like Magnetic Flux, Faraday’s Law of Induction, Lenz’s Law and Conservation of Energy. This chapter also includes the detailed studies of Unit of Magnetic Flux, Motional emf. The important topics from this chapter include-

• Electromagnetism
• Eddy Currents
• Energy Consideration
• Inductance
• AC Generator
• Electromagnetic Damping

Expected Number of questions: 1 to 5 questions of 1 marks to 5 marks.

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Class 12 Physics Notes for Chapter 7: Alternating Current

In this chapter the core concept related to Alternating Current are explained with topics like- Transformers, Power Factor, Types of AC Motors. Here are the important topics from this chapter-

• LC Oscillations
• Power in AC Circuit: The Power Factor
• Sharpness Of Resonance
• AC Voltage Applied to an Inductor
• AC Voltage Applied to a Capacitor
• AC Voltage Applied to a Series LCR Circuit
• AC Voltage Applied to a Resistor

Expected Number of questions: 1 to 5 questions of 1 marks to 5 marks.

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Class 12 Physics Notes for Chapter 8: Electromagnetic Waves

This chapter can be considered as the introductory chapter to the concept- Electromagnetic Waves along with the ideas of Maxwell Equations, Gamma Radiation. Here are the other important topics from this chapter-

• Displacement Current
• Electromagnetic Spectrum
• Electromagnetic Spectrum
• Displacement Current
• X Ray
• Infrared Radiation
• Electromagnetic Radiation
• Radio Waves

Expected Number of questions: 1 to 3 questions of 1 marks to 5 marks.

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Class 12 Physics Notes for Chapter 9: Ray Optics and Optical Instruments

This chapter deals with the ideas of Refraction and Reflection. Here are the important topics related to  Ray Optics and Optical Instruments- 

• Reflection of Light by Spherical Mirrors
• Total Internal Reflection
• Optical Instruments
• Refraction through a Prism
• Dispersion by a Prism
• Refraction At Spherical Surfaces and By Lenses

Expected Number of questions: 1 to 3 questions of 1 marks to 5 marks.

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Class 12 Physics Notes for Chapter 10: Wave Optics

The chapter- Wave Optics chapter includes the study of the relations between lights and wave that helps it to spread. This chapter allso explains related concepts like- Huygens Principle, Brewster's Law and Coherent Sources

• Polarisation
• Diffraction
• Coherent and Incoherent Addition of Waves
• Interference of Light Waves and Young’s Experiment
• Raman Scattering

Expected Number of questions: 1 to 3 questions of 1 marks to 5 marks.

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Class 12 Physics Notes for Chapter 11: Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter

This chapter introduced the concept of Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter. The related concepts like- Experimental Study of Photoelectric Effect, Einstein’s Photoelectric Equation are explained as well. Here are the important topics from this chapter-

• Photoelectric Effect
• Davisson and Germer Experiment
• Electron Emission
• Particle Nature of Light: The Photon
• Quantum Theory Of Light

Expected Number of questions: 1 to 3 questions of 1 marks to 3 marks.

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Class 12 Physics Notes for Chapter 12: Atoms

This chapter includes an in depth knowledge of Atoms along with other related concepts like Alpha Particle Mass, Modern Physics, Fermi Energy. Here are the important topics from this chapter-

• Alpha-particle Scattering and Rutherford’s Nuclear Model of Atom
• Atomic Spectra
• Bohr Model of the Hydrogen Atom
• Laser
• Avogadro's Number

Expected Number of questions: 1 to 3 questions of 1 marks to 3 marks.

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Class 12 Physics Notes for Chapter 13: Nuclei

This Chapter can be counted as the detailed study for the concept Nuclei. It also includes other important topics like- Beta Decay, Nuclear Physics, and Readioactive Decay. Here are some of the important topics from this cgapter-

• Mass-Energy and Nuclear Binding Energy
• Nuclear Force
• Positron
• Nuclear Energy
• Mass Energy Equivalence
• Neutron Mass

Expected Number of questions: 1 to 3 questions of 1 marks to 3 marks.

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Class 12 Physics Notes for Chapter 14: Semiconductor Electronics

In this chapter the basic concepts of Semiconductor Electronics are introduced along with other related concepts like- Transitor, Fullwave Rectifier, and Half Wave Rectifier. Some important topics from this chapter are mentioned below-

• Classification of Metals, Conductors, and Semiconductors
• Intrinsic Semiconductor
• Extrinsic Semiconductor
• p-n Junction
• Semiconductor Diode
• Integrated Circuits
• Junction Transistor
• Digital Electronics and Logic Gates

Expected Number of questions: 1 to 2 questions of 1 marks to 5 marks.

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Class 12 Physics Practicals

CBSE Class 12 Physics practicals has a weightage of 30 marks in total and the test shall be conducted for a duration of 3 hours. 

The distribution of marks for the Class 12 Physics practicals is tabulated below.

The list of Class 12 Physics practicals is listed below.

• To compare the emf of two given primary cells using potentiometer
• To convert given galvanometer into ammeter
• To convert the given galvanometer of known resistance and figure of merit into a voltmeter.
• To find resistance of given wire using metre bridge 
• To verify the laws of parallel combination of resistances using a metre bridge 
• To determine minimum deviation for given prism 
• To determine refractive index of a glass slab
• To find focal length of concave lens using convex lens
• To find v value for different u values of concave mirror find focal length

Popular Reference Books

Students can also make use of these additional resources for Class 12 Physics Notes where all the important numericals, formulas, equations and handwritten notes are available.

• Concepts of Physics by HC Verma Vol 2

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Frequently Asked Questions